Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a significant public health concern, particularly among women, contributing to pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. Behavioral, occupational, environmental, and sociocultural factors, including prolonged sedentary behavior and limited recreational sports participation, influence MSD risk. Evidence among Bahraini women remains limited. This study examined behavioral determinants of MSDs among adult Bahraini women, focusing on sedentary behavior and recreational sports participation, and explored sociocultural and environmental contexts affecting physical activity. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was used. The quantitative phase surveyed 400 Bahraini women aged 25–60 years to assess MSD prevalence, sedentary behavior, and physical activity using validated instruments. Logistic regression identified predictors of MSDs. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 20 purposively selected participants to explore barriers, facilitators, and lived experiences. Findings from both phases were integrated to provide a holistic understanding of MSD determinants. MSDs were reported by 44% of participants, most commonly affecting the lower back, neck, and knees. Prolonged sitting (>6 hours/day) and low physical activity were significant predictors (OR 2.3 and ~4.0, respectively). Qualitative insights revealed that cultural expectations, family responsibilities, occupational demands, limited women-only facilities, and environmental constraints further reinforced high-risk behaviors. Integration highlighted a complex interplay of behavioral, occupational, environmental, and sociocultural factors influencing MSD risk. MSDs among Bahraini women are highly prevalent and shaped by multidimensional determinants. Effective interventions should combine individual-level strategies, such as exercise promotion and ergonomic adjustments, with structural and culturally sensitive approaches, including improved access to safe physical activity facilities and workplace ergonomics. These findings provide actionable evidence for policymakers and healthcare providers to reduce MSD risk and improve women’s musculoskeletal health.
Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders; sedentary behavior; physical activity; women’s health; Bahrain; mixed-methods, Bahraini women, sports participation in Bahraini women

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